A. Relationship between active and passive:
1. The object of the active verb is the subject of the passive verb (“English” in the example sentences below). Therefore, verbs which cannot be followed by objects (intransitive verbs) cannot be used in passive voice.
These are some common intransitive verbs: appear, arrive, come, cry, die, go, happen, occur, rain, sleep, stay, walk. These verbs cannot be used in passive voice.
2. The passive verb always contains a form of the auxiliary verb be. The form of be in the passive verb phrase corresponds to the form of the main verb in the active verb phrase (see the underlined words in the example sentences below). That is, if the active main verb is simple present tense, then a simple present tense form of be is used in the passive verb phrase; if the active main verb is -ING, then the -ING form of be is used in the passive verb phrase; and so on.
3. The main verb in a passive predicate verb phrase is always the participle form of the verb.
4. Some examples of active and passive sentences:
ACTIVE: They speak English.
PASSIVE: English is spoken.
ACTIVE: They spoke English.
PASSIVE: English was spoken.
ACTIVE: They will speak English.
PASSIVE: English will be spoken.
ACTIVE: They are going to speak English.
PASSIVE: English is going to be spoken.
ACTIVE: They are speaking English.
PASSIVE: English is being spoken.
ACTIVE: They were speaking English.
PASSIVE: English was being spoken.
ACTIVE: They have spoken English.
PASSIVE: English has been spoken.
ACTIVE: They had spoken English.
PASSIVE: English had been spoken.
ACTIVE: They will have spoken English.
PASSIVE: English will have been spoken.
5. Perfect progressive verb forms are generally used in active voice only. That is, these are good English sentences:
ACTIVE: They have been speaking English.
ACTIVE: They had been speaking English.
ACTIVE: They will have been speaking English.
But sentences like these are rarely used:
PASSIVE: English has been being spoken.
PASSIVE: English had been being spoken.
PASSIVE: English will have been being spoken.
B. Most passive sentences do not contain an agent; all active sentences contain an agent.
1. An agent is the subject of the active verb. In the example sentences above, the agent is “they” in all the active sentences; the passive sentences do not contain an agent.
2. When a passive sentence contains an agent, it is in a prepositional phrase following the verb. For example:
English is spoken by them.
In the following sentences, the noun “teachers” is the agent in both sentences. “Teachers” is also the subject of the active verb, but “exams” is the subject of the passive verb.
ACTIVE: Teachers prepare exams.
PASSIVE: Exams are prepared by teachers.
C. You should not use passive voice unless you have a good reason.
Here are some good reasons for using passive voice:
1. Passive voice is often used when the agent (the doer of an action; the subject of an active verb) is obvious, unknown, or unnecessary:
Oranges are grown in California.
Toyotas are made in Japan.
Her purse was stolen.
2. Passive voice is often used when the agent is known, but the speaker/writer doesn’t want to mention it:
She was given bad advice.
A mistake has been made.
3. Passive voice is often used when the agent is very general such as people or somebody.
English is spoken here.
The door should be locked.
4. Passive voice is often used when the speaker/writer wants to emphasize a result:
Several thousand people were killed by the earthquake.
5. Passive voice is often used when the speaker/writer wants to keep the same subject for two or more verbs but this would not be possible if both verbs were the same voice (active or passive).
For example, in a conversation about George, a speaker would probably use sentence a below rather than sentence b (both sentences are correct).
a. George had several interviews before he was hired by a software company.
b. George had several interviews before a software company hired him.
SUMBER:
http://faculty.deanza.edu/flemingjohn/stories/storyReader$22
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Senin, 05 April 2010
adjective clause
Adjective Clause
* Ø Pengertian Adjective clause antara lain:
Adjective clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai adjektiva. Seperti telah kita ketahui, adjektiva adalah kata yang menerangkan nomina. Jadi, adjective clause juga berfungsi demikian, yaitu memberi keterangan pada nomina.
Adjective clause adalah tanggungan klausul yang memodifikasi sebuah kata benda. Hal ini dimungkinkan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat berikut untuk membentuk satu kalimat yang berisi Adjective clause
* The children are going to visit the museum.
* They are on the bus.
The children who are on the bus are going to visit the museum.
| adjective clause |
Dalam kalimat di atas, ada dua cara lain untuk menulis kalimat dengan benar menggunakan kalimat kedua sebagai Adjective clause :
* The children that are on the bus are going to visit the museum.
* The children on the bus are going to visit the museum.
Beberapa kalimat lain dapat dikombinasikan menjadi kalimat dengan menggunakan Adjective clause dalam berbagai cara, dan mereka semua benar. Perhatikan berbagai cara di mana dua kalimat berikut dapat dikombinasikan.
* The church is old.
* My grandparents were married there.
The church where my grandparents were married is old.
The church in which my grandparents were married is old.
The church which my grandparents were married in is old.
The church that my grandparents were married in is old.
The church my grandparents were married in is old.
Dalam kalimat di atas, Adjective clause digarisbawahi. Semua jawaban yang benar. Perhatikan penggunaan kata “in” dan bagaimana dan di mana ia digunakan.Adjective clause dimulai dengan relative pronoun atau relative adverb.
Berikut ini beberapa contoh adjective clause:
Adjective clause dengan relative pronoun
Contoh:
* The man who is sitting over there is my father.
* The book which you bought yesterday is very interesting.
* This is the place that I visited some years ago.
* Mr. Bambang whose son is my friend is presenting a paper in a seminar.
Adjective clause dengan relative adverb
Contoh:
* This is the reason why she did it.
* The time when the plane takes off and lands will be changed soon.
* Palembang is the place where I was born.
Dalam contoh-contoh di atas bisa kita lihat bahwa adjective clause tersebut menerangkan nomina yang ada di depannya (antecedent).
Misalnya:
* Adjective clause who is sitting over there menerangkan nomina the man.
* Adjective clause why she did it menerangkan nomina the reason.
Pada titik tertentu dalam tulisan Anda dalam bahasa Inggris, Anda harus mampu mengidentifikasi setiap kalimat yang Anda tulis seperti sederhana, senyawa, atau kompleks. Tambahan dua struktur, klausa kata sifat dan appositives, akan memberi Anda jauh lebih besar variasi kalimat yang di dalamnya untuk mencapai tujuan tulisan Anda. Halaman ini berisi sejumlah kecil informasi tentang klausa kata sifat bersama dengan hanya sepuluh latihan sangat sulit. Pertama, kita akan mendefinisikan apa klausa-klausa kata sifat dan bagaimana mereka bekerja.
*sumber : http://raf1816phyboy.blogspot.com/2009/01/adjective-clause.html Read more "adjective clause..."
* Ø Pengertian Adjective clause antara lain:
Adjective clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai adjektiva. Seperti telah kita ketahui, adjektiva adalah kata yang menerangkan nomina. Jadi, adjective clause juga berfungsi demikian, yaitu memberi keterangan pada nomina.
Adjective clause adalah tanggungan klausul yang memodifikasi sebuah kata benda. Hal ini dimungkinkan untuk menggabungkan dua kalimat berikut untuk membentuk satu kalimat yang berisi Adjective clause
* The children are going to visit the museum.
* They are on the bus.
The children who are on the bus are going to visit the museum.
| adjective clause |
Dalam kalimat di atas, ada dua cara lain untuk menulis kalimat dengan benar menggunakan kalimat kedua sebagai Adjective clause :
* The children that are on the bus are going to visit the museum.
* The children on the bus are going to visit the museum.
Beberapa kalimat lain dapat dikombinasikan menjadi kalimat dengan menggunakan Adjective clause dalam berbagai cara, dan mereka semua benar. Perhatikan berbagai cara di mana dua kalimat berikut dapat dikombinasikan.
* The church is old.
* My grandparents were married there.
The church where my grandparents were married is old.
The church in which my grandparents were married is old.
The church which my grandparents were married in is old.
The church that my grandparents were married in is old.
The church my grandparents were married in is old.
Dalam kalimat di atas, Adjective clause digarisbawahi. Semua jawaban yang benar. Perhatikan penggunaan kata “in” dan bagaimana dan di mana ia digunakan.Adjective clause dimulai dengan relative pronoun atau relative adverb.
Berikut ini beberapa contoh adjective clause:
Adjective clause dengan relative pronoun
Contoh:
* The man who is sitting over there is my father.
* The book which you bought yesterday is very interesting.
* This is the place that I visited some years ago.
* Mr. Bambang whose son is my friend is presenting a paper in a seminar.
Adjective clause dengan relative adverb
Contoh:
* This is the reason why she did it.
* The time when the plane takes off and lands will be changed soon.
* Palembang is the place where I was born.
Dalam contoh-contoh di atas bisa kita lihat bahwa adjective clause tersebut menerangkan nomina yang ada di depannya (antecedent).
Misalnya:
* Adjective clause who is sitting over there menerangkan nomina the man.
* Adjective clause why she did it menerangkan nomina the reason.
Pada titik tertentu dalam tulisan Anda dalam bahasa Inggris, Anda harus mampu mengidentifikasi setiap kalimat yang Anda tulis seperti sederhana, senyawa, atau kompleks. Tambahan dua struktur, klausa kata sifat dan appositives, akan memberi Anda jauh lebih besar variasi kalimat yang di dalamnya untuk mencapai tujuan tulisan Anda. Halaman ini berisi sejumlah kecil informasi tentang klausa kata sifat bersama dengan hanya sepuluh latihan sangat sulit. Pertama, kita akan mendefinisikan apa klausa-klausa kata sifat dan bagaimana mereka bekerja.
*sumber : http://raf1816phyboy.blogspot.com/2009/01/adjective-clause.html Read more "adjective clause..."
Global Warming
Global Warming
Global Warming or Global Warming is the process of increasing the average temperature of the atmosphere, ocean, and land Earth.
The average temperature at Earth's surface globally has increased ± 0.74 ° C 0:18 (1:33 ± 0:32 ° F) during the last hundred years. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that, "most of the increase in temperature of the global average since the mid-20th century, most likely caused by increased greenhouse gas concentrations, greenhouse gases due to human activities" through the greenhouse effect. These basic conclusions have been expressed by at least 30 scientific and academic bodies, including all the national science academies of the G8 countries. However, there are still some scientists who disagree with some of the IPCC conclusions are presented.
Climate models referenced by the IPCC project shows the global surface temperature will rise 1.1 to 6.4 ° C (2.0 to 11.5 ° F) between 1990 and 2100. Estimate the difference was caused by the use of different scenarios of gas emission of greenhouse gases in the future, as well as models of different climate sensitivities. Although most research focuses on the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise is expected to continue for more than a thousand years even if the level of greenhouse gas emissions have stabilized. This reflects the large heat capacity of the ocean.
Increasing global temperature is expected to cause changes such as sea level rise, increased intensity of extreme weather phenomena, as well as changes in the number and pattern of precipitation. The consequences of global warming is terpengaruhnya crops, loss of glaciers, and the extinction of various species of animals.
Some of the things that scientists still doubt is about the amount of warming predicted to occur in the future, and how warming and the changes that occur will vary from one region to another. Until now still going political and public debate in the world about what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse the further warming or to adapt to the consequences that exist. Most of the government of the countries in the world have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol, which leads to the reduction of gas emissions greenhouse gases.
Source: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemanasan_global Read more "Global Warming..."
Global Warming or Global Warming is the process of increasing the average temperature of the atmosphere, ocean, and land Earth.
The average temperature at Earth's surface globally has increased ± 0.74 ° C 0:18 (1:33 ± 0:32 ° F) during the last hundred years. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that, "most of the increase in temperature of the global average since the mid-20th century, most likely caused by increased greenhouse gas concentrations, greenhouse gases due to human activities" through the greenhouse effect. These basic conclusions have been expressed by at least 30 scientific and academic bodies, including all the national science academies of the G8 countries. However, there are still some scientists who disagree with some of the IPCC conclusions are presented.
Climate models referenced by the IPCC project shows the global surface temperature will rise 1.1 to 6.4 ° C (2.0 to 11.5 ° F) between 1990 and 2100. Estimate the difference was caused by the use of different scenarios of gas emission of greenhouse gases in the future, as well as models of different climate sensitivities. Although most research focuses on the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise is expected to continue for more than a thousand years even if the level of greenhouse gas emissions have stabilized. This reflects the large heat capacity of the ocean.
Increasing global temperature is expected to cause changes such as sea level rise, increased intensity of extreme weather phenomena, as well as changes in the number and pattern of precipitation. The consequences of global warming is terpengaruhnya crops, loss of glaciers, and the extinction of various species of animals.
Some of the things that scientists still doubt is about the amount of warming predicted to occur in the future, and how warming and the changes that occur will vary from one region to another. Until now still going political and public debate in the world about what, if any, action should be taken to reduce or reverse the further warming or to adapt to the consequences that exist. Most of the government of the countries in the world have signed and ratified the Kyoto Protocol, which leads to the reduction of gas emissions greenhouse gases.
Source: http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemanasan_global Read more "Global Warming..."
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